Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory response that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A previous study using an animal model of sepsis showed that survival was significantly lower in WT mice than in P2Y(2) receptor (P2Y(2)R)-deficient mice, suggesting that P2Y(2)R plays a role in septic death. We therefore investigated the role of P2Y(2)R in the inflammatory responses of RAW264.7 murine macrophages to LPS. LPS time-dependently upregulated P2Y(2)R mRNA levels, with a prominent increase observed at 4 h. In addition, LPS increased ATP release in a time dependent manner (5-120 min post LPS treatment). Accordingly, we pretreated cells with LPS for 4 h to induce P2Y(2)R expression and then stimulated the cells with UTP or ATP for 16 h. Interestingly, ATP- or UTP-dependent P2Y(2)R activation in LPS-pretreated cells resulted in dramatically enhanced HMGB1 secretion, COX-2 and iNOS expression, and furthermore PGE2 and NO production compared to LPS treatment alone (4 h) or ATP or UTP treatment alone (16 h), an effect that was inhibited by P2Y(2)R silencing. In addition, these increases in HMGB1 secretion, COX-2 and iNOS expression and PGE(2) and NO production commonly involved the JNK, PKC and PDK pathways. Taken together, these data demonstrate that LPS-dependent upregulation of P2Y(2)R plays a critical role in facilitating the inflammatory responses induced by LPS.
Keywords: ANOVA; COX-1/PGE(2); COX-2; HEPES; HMGB1; LPS; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid; NO; Nucleotides; P2Y(2) receptor; P2Y(2)R; PDK; PGE2; PI3K; PKC; RT-PCR; SDS-PAGE; TBS-T; Tris-buffered saline-Tween-20; analysis of variance; cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS; iNOS/NO; inducible nitric oxide synthase; lipopolysaccharide; nitric oxide; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; phosphoinositide-dependent kinase; prostaglandin E2; protein kinase C; reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.