We studied the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIPLI) fibers in the central amygdaloid (AC) nucleus of the rat, using indirect immunofluorescence and the origins of such fibers using a combination of retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry. VIPLI fibers formed a dense fiber plexus in the lateral subdivision of the AC nucleus, but other subdivisions showed little immunoreactivity. Destruction of the supramammillary (SuM) region and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus, both of which contained a group of VIPLI neurons, resulted in the marked reduction of VIPLI fibers in the ipsilateral AC nucleus, indicating that many of the fibers in the AC nucleus originate from these two areas. This assumption was supported by the finding that injection of fast blue dye into the AC nucleus labeled the VIPLI neurons in the SuM region and lateral hypothalamus.