Abstract
Genes encoding components of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis are frequently mutated in cancer, but few mutations have been characterized in MTOR, the gene encoding the mTOR kinase. Using publicly available tumor genome sequencing data, we generated a comprehensive catalog of mTOR pathway mutations in cancer, identifying 33 MTOR mutations that confer pathway hyperactivation. The mutations cluster in six distinct regions in the C-terminal half of mTOR and occur in multiple cancer types, with one cluster particularly prominent in kidney cancer. The activating mutations do not affect mTOR complex assembly, but a subset reduces binding to the mTOR inhibitor DEPTOR. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in cells expressing various activating mutations remains sensitive to pharmacologic mTOR inhibition, but is partially resistant to nutrient deprivation. Finally, cancer cell lines with hyperactivating MTOR mutations display heightened sensitivity to rapamycin both in culture and in vivo xenografts, suggesting that such mutations confer mTOR pathway dependency.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / administration & dosage
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Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / pharmacology*
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Cell Line, Tumor
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Databases, Factual
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HEK293 Cells
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HeLa Cells
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Humans
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MAP Kinase Signaling System / drug effects
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MCF-7 Cells
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2
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Mice
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Mice, Nude
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Multiprotein Complexes / metabolism
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Mutation*
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Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Neoplasms / genetics
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Neoplasms, Experimental
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors / administration & dosage
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Sirolimus / administration & dosage
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Sirolimus / pharmacology*
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / genetics*
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
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Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Substances
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Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
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Multiprotein Complexes
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors
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MTOR protein, human
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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Sirolimus