Measurement of phthalates in skin wipes: estimating exposure from dermal absorption

Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Jul 1;48(13):7428-35. doi: 10.1021/es501700u. Epub 2014 Jun 17.

Abstract

This study has determined the levels of six phthalates (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(isobutyl) phthalate (DiBP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in skin wipes; examined factors that might influence the levels, including body location, time of sampling, and hand-washing; and estimated dermal absorption based on the measured levels. Skin wipes were collected from the forehead, forearm, back-of-hand, and palm of 20 participants using gauze pads moistened with isopropanol. DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP were most frequently detected; DEHP levels were substantially higher than DnBP and DiBP levels, and DnBP levels were somewhat lower than DiBP levels. The levels differed at different body locations, with palm > back-of-hand > forearm ≥ forehead. Repeated wipe sampling from six participants over a 1 month period indicated that levels at the same body location did not vary significantly. The estimated median total dermal absorption from skin surface lipids on the palm, back-of-hand, arm, and head are 0.48, 0.68, and 0.66 (μg/kg)/day for DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP, respectively. These estimates are roughly 10-20% of the total uptake reported for Chinese adults and suggest that dermal absorption contributes significantly to the uptake of these phthalates. Washing with soap and water removed more than 50% of the phthalates on the hands and may be a useful tool in decreasing aggregate phthalate exposure.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Dermis / metabolism*
  • Diet
  • Dust
  • Environmental Exposure / analysis*
  • Environmental Pollutants / metabolism*
  • Feeding Behavior
  • Female
  • Hand Disinfection
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Permeability
  • Phthalic Acids / analysis*
  • Skin Absorption*
  • Time Factors
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Dust
  • Environmental Pollutants
  • Phthalic Acids
  • phthalic acid