[Dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a review]

Rev Neurol. 2014 Dec 16;59(12):555-69.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

INTRODUCTION. The cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) have traditionally been associated with the presence of dementia in later stages of the disease. Recent studies, however, consider that cognitive impairment can appear as of early stages. Knowing the cognitive profile of PD furthers our understanding of the clinical phenotype, making it easier to reach a timely diagnosis and favouring intervention on the symptoms from the initial stages. AIM. To present a review of the literature on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia associated with PD. DEVELOPMENT. Several studies report that patients with PD who have a prolonged time to progression develop dementia. Yet, there have also been reports claiming that, as of the early stages, patients can present subtle cognitive alterations known as MCI. The initial neuropsychological profile is mainly of a non-amnesic type, characterised by executive dysfunction, alterations affecting attention, operative memory deficit and faulty retrieval of information. When patients develop dementia, disorders will arise in the storage of information, in semantic fluency, and in visuospatial and visuoperceptual skills. Currently there are criteria available for diagnosing the MCI and dementia associated with PD, as well as valid reliable instruments for detecting those disorders. CONCLUSIONS. Cognitive symptoms are frequent in PD. From the initial stages of the disease onwards patients may present MCI that is mainly characterised by a fronto-subcortical cognitive profile, whereas dementia usually develops at later stages, when a pattern of posterior cortical cognitive disorder is also observed.

Title: Demencia y deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de Parkinson: una revision.

Introduccion. Clasicamente, las alteraciones cognitivas en la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se han asociado a la presencia de demencia en etapas tardias de la enfermedad; sin embargo, estudios recientes consideran que el deterioro cognitivo puede aparecer desde etapas tempranas. Conocer el perfil cognitivo de la EP contribuye a la comprension del fenotipo clinico, facilita el diagnostico oportuno y favorece la intervencion de los sintomas desde estadios iniciales. Objetivo. Presentar una revision de la bibliografia del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y demencia asociados a la EP. Desarrollo. Diversos estudios indican que los pacientes con EP que tienen un tiempo de evolucion prolongado de la enfermedad desarrollan demencia. Sin embargo, tambien se ha descrito que, desde etapas tempranas, los pacientes pueden presentar sutiles alteraciones cognitivas conocidas como DCL; el perfil neuropsicologico inicial es principalmente de tipo no amnesico, caracterizado por disfuncion ejecutiva, alteraciones atencionales, deficit de la memoria operativa y fallas en la recuperacion de la informacion. Cuando los pacientes desarrollan demencia, surgen alteraciones en el almacenamiento de la informacion, en la fluidez semantica y en las habilidades visuoespaciales y visuoperceptuales. En la actualidad, existen criterios disponibles para el diagnostico de DCL y demencia asociados a la EP, e instrumentos validos y fiables para la deteccion de dichas alteraciones. Conclusiones. Los sintomas cognitivos son frecuentes en la EP; desde las etapas iniciales de la enfermedad, los pacientes pueden presentar DCL caracterizado principalmente por un perfil cognitivo frontosubcortical, mientras que la demencia suele desarrollarse en etapas tardias, cuando se añade un patron de alteracion cognitiva cortical posterior.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Agnosia / etiology
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / diagnosis
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / epidemiology
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / etiology*
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / physiopathology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Dementia / classification
  • Dementia / diagnosis
  • Dementia / epidemiology
  • Dementia / etiology*
  • Dementia / physiopathology
  • Diagnosis, Differential
  • Disease Progression
  • Humans
  • Middle Aged
  • Neuropsychological Tests
  • Parkinson Disease / epidemiology
  • Parkinson Disease / physiopathology
  • Parkinson Disease / psychology*
  • Prevalence
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Speech Disorders / etiology