Abstract
Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased cardiovascular risk. Although initially this increased risk was attributed to metabolic alterations associated with antiretroviral treatment, in recent years, the attention has been focused on the HIV disease itself. Inflammation, immune system activation, and endothelial dysfunction facilitated by HIV infection have been identified as key factors in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV infection and summarize the latest knowledge on the relationship between traditional and novel inflammatory, immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers on the cardiovascular risk associated with HIV infection.
Keywords:
HIV; antiretroviral therapy; cardiovascular disease; immune activation; inflammation.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-HIV Agents / adverse effects
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Biomarkers / metabolism
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Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology
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Cardiovascular Diseases / immunology
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Cardiovascular Diseases / metabolism
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Cardiovascular Diseases / physiopathology
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Cardiovascular Diseases / virology*
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Endothelium, Vascular / immunology
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Endothelium, Vascular / metabolism
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Endothelium, Vascular / physiopathology
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Endothelium, Vascular / virology
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HIV / drug effects
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HIV / immunology
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HIV / metabolism
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HIV / pathogenicity*
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HIV Infections / drug therapy
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HIV Infections / epidemiology
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HIV Infections / immunology
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HIV Infections / metabolism
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HIV Infections / physiopathology
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HIV Infections / virology*
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Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Humans
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Inflammation / epidemiology
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Inflammation / immunology
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Inflammation / metabolism
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Inflammation / physiopathology
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Inflammation / virology*
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Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
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Prognosis
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Risk Assessment
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Risk Factors
Substances
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Anti-HIV Agents
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Biomarkers
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Inflammation Mediators