In this study, we summarized the results from the retrospective investigation on endemic situation of schistosomiasis that was implemented in nine provinces (autonomous region), China in 2009, demonstrated the role of these retrospective investigations in accelerating the progress of schistosomiasis control in China, and clarified the great significance of the investigation for summarizing the experiences for the control of schistosomiasis, and analyzing the changing patterns and affecting factors of endemic status of schistosomiasis in China. In addition, these retrospective investigations provide reliable evidence for revising the Criteria of Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination, and for the more accurate and scientific assessment of the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control in China.