Outcome of surgical left ventricular (LV) lead placement is not well defined in patients with failed percutaneous cardiac resynchronization therapy. An extended experience with epicardial LV lead placement is here reported, describing the minimally invasive procedure performed at our institution using a thoracoscopic surgical approach.
Keywords: Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Congestive heart failure; Epicardial lead; Resynchronization; Thoracoscopy.
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.