Xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves: Past, present and future

Int J Surg. 2015 Nov;23(Pt B):280-284. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.009. Epub 2015 Jul 17.

Abstract

The transplantation (implantation) of xenograft heart valves into humans has been carried out for >50 years. There has been considerable research into making this form of xenotransplantation successful, though it is not perfect yet. We review the understanding of the immune response to xenograft heart valves. Important steps in the history include understanding (i) the importance of glutaraldehyde in decreasing the immune response and (ii) the relationship between calcification (which is the main problem leading to xenograft failure) and the immune response. We subsequently discuss the importance of identifying xenoantigens that are important in leading to xenograft valve failure, and the potential of genetically-engineered pigs to allow the development of the 'ideal' heart valve for clinical valve replacement.

Keywords: Calcification; Gal; Genetically-modified; Glutaraldehyde; Heart valves; NeuGc; Pigs; Xenograft rejection.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Genetically Modified
  • Bioprosthesis / trends*
  • Calcinosis / etiology
  • Graft Rejection / immunology
  • Heart Valve Diseases / etiology
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis / trends*
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / adverse effects
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / methods
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / trends*
  • Heterografts
  • Humans
  • Swine