Role of the calpain on the development of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with acute and chronic complications that cause major morbidity and significant mortality. Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. Calpain is a ubiquitous calcium-sensitive protease that is essential for normal physiologic function. However, alterations in calcium homeostasis lead to pathologic activation of calpain in diabetes mellitus. Since not much is known on the relationship between calpain and diabetes mellitus, this review outlines the contribution of calpain to chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.