Smoking and diabetes risk: building a causal case with clinical implications

Affiliations

• ¹ BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
• ² Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
• ³ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ⁴ School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
• ⁵ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.