Myocardial heterogeneity is well appreciated and widely documented, from sub-cellular to organ levels. This paper reviews significant achievements of the group, led by Professor Vladimir S. Markhasin, Russia, who was one of the pioneers in studying and interpreting the relevance of cardiac functional heterogeneity.
Keywords: Cardiac modeling; Cardiomyocyte; Gradients in the cellular electrical and mechanical properties; Heart; Muscle duplex; Myocardial heterogeneity; Myocardial tissue; Slow force response; Wet and dry experiment.
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