Aim of investigation Due to compelling evidence in support of links between sex, stress, sympathetic post-ganglionic innervation, dural immune cells, and migraine, our aim was to characterize the impacts of these factors on the type and proportion of immune cells in the dura. Methods Dural immune cells were obtained from naïve or stressed adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats for flow cytometry. Rats with surgical denervation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons of the dura were also studied. Results Immune cells comprise ∼17% of all cells in the dura. These included: macrophages/granulocytes ("Macs"; 63.2% of immune cells), dendritic cells (0.88%), T-cells (4.51%), natural killer T-cells (0.51%), natural killer cells (3.08%), and B-cells (20.0%). There were significantly more Macs and fewer B- and natural killer T-cells in the dura of females compared with males. Macs and dendritic cells were significantly increased by stress in males, but not females. In contrast, T-cells were significantly increased in females with a 24-hour delay following stress. Lastly, Macs, dendritic cells, and T-cells were significantly higher in sympathectomized-naïve males, but not females. Conclusions It may not only be possible, but necessary to use different strategies for the most effective treatment of migraine in men and women.
Keywords: Headache; autonomic; inflammation; meninges.