Abstract
Context:
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.
Objective:
To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis.
Materials and methods:
The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1-100 μg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS.
Results:
Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50 43.5 and 66.2 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50 312.6 and 568.3 μg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC50 285.0 and 972.6 μg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds.
Discussion and conclusion:
The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inflammatory effects.
Keywords:
Natural products; cytokines; macrophages; nitric oxide; nuclear factor-κB; phenolic compounds.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Infective Agents / chemistry
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Anti-Infective Agents / isolation & purification
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Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacology*
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / chemistry
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / isolation & purification
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
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Antioxidants / chemistry
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Antioxidants / isolation & purification
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Antioxidants / pharmacology*
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Biphenyl Compounds / chemistry
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Chlorides / chemistry
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Chlorogenic Acid / isolation & purification
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Chlorogenic Acid / pharmacology
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Ethanol / chemistry
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Ferric Compounds / chemistry
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HEK293 Cells
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Humans
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Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
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Klebsiella pneumoniae / drug effects*
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Klebsiella pneumoniae / growth & development
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Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
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Macrophages / drug effects*
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Macrophages / metabolism
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Mice
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Microbial Sensitivity Tests
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NF-kappa B / genetics
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NF-kappa B / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide / metabolism
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Oxidation-Reduction
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Phytotherapy
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Picrates / chemistry
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Plant Bark
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Plant Extracts / chemistry
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Plant Extracts / isolation & purification
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Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
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Plant Leaves
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Plants, Medicinal
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RAW 264.7 Cells
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Rutin / isolation & purification
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Rutin / pharmacology
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Salmonella typhimurium / drug effects*
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Salmonella typhimurium / growth & development
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Sambucus / chemistry*
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Solvents / chemistry
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Swiss 3T3 Cells
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Transfection
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
Substances
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Anti-Infective Agents
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents
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Antioxidants
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Biphenyl Compounds
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Chlorides
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Ferric Compounds
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Inflammation Mediators
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Lipopolysaccharides
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NF-kappa B
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Picrates
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Plant Extracts
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Solvents
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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Chlorogenic Acid
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Nitric Oxide
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Ethanol
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Rutin
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1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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ferric chloride
Grants and funding
The authors are grateful to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Espírito Santo (FAPES, grant no. 66606497/2014 and TO 241/2016), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [CNPq grants n° 401409/2014-7 and n° 443018/2014-6] for the financial support.