We provide a simple protocol enabling cyclical transmission of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to be performed without the need for mammals. These procedures have two advantages: they are in line with 3R principles of animal use - replace, refine, reduce - and may enable more laboratories to study the complete life cycle.
Keywords: 3R concept; Animal replacement; Metacyclic forms; Salivary glands; Trypanosome; Tsetse.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.