The role of imaging in subfertility is well established but is changing. In addition to traditional fertility assessments, there is an emerging role for the radiologist. The role of imaging in fertility-restoring procedures in benign disease and congenital malformations is evolving, and there is a growing need for accurate identification of young candidates suitable for fertility-preserving surgery in the oncologic setting. To facilitate this developing role, knowledge of the key imaging modalities used and potential therapeutic applications is important for accurate diagnosis and interpretation by the radiologist. ©RSNA, 2017.