l-arginine ingestion inhibits eccentric contraction-induced proteolysis and force deficit via S-nitrosylation of calpain

It has been shown that calpains are involved in the proteolysis of muscle proteins that occurs with eccentric contraction (ECC) and that exogenously applied nitric oxide decreases the calpain-mediated proteolysis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ingestion of l-arginine (ARG), a nitric oxide precursor, on ECC-related calpain activation. In the first and second experiments, male Wistar rats were given ARG in water for 7 days starting from 3 days before the ECC protocol (average ingestion, ~600 mg kg-body wt^-1 day^-1 ). Tibialis anterior muscles underwent 200 repeated ECCs and, subsequently, were excised 3 days later. Whole muscle analyses (the first experiment) revealed that ARG attenuated ECC-induced force deficit and autolysis of calpain-1, and increased the amounts of S-nitrosylated calpain-1. Regarding ryanodine receptor (RyR) and dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), ECC-induced proteolysis was completely inhibited by ARG, whereas the inhibition was partial for junctophilin-1 (JP1). Skinned fiber analyses (the second experiment) showed that ARG also inhibited ECC-elicited reductions in the ratio of depolarization-induced to maximum Ca²⁺ -activated force. In the third experiment, homogenates of rested muscles were treated with S-nitrosylating agent, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and/or high Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺ ]). Treatment with high [Ca²⁺ ] and without GSNO produced proteolysis of RyR, DHPR, and JP1. On the other hand, treatment with high [Ca²⁺ ] and GSNO caused complete inhibition of RyR and DHPR proteolysis and partial inhibition of JP1 proteolysis. These results indicate that ARG ingestion can attenuate ECC-induced proteolysis of Ca²⁺ regulatory proteins and force deficit by decreasing calpain activation via S-nitrosylation.