Intracranial Large and Medium Artery Atherosclerotic Disease and Stroke

Background: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is one of the most common causes of stroke worldwide and is associated with a high risk of stroke recurrence. We sought to perform a literature review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options.

Methods: A literature review on recent studies evaluating the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment was reviewed. ICAD is particularly common in Africa and Asia.

Results: Although the medical management of ICAD has improved over the past decade, a subgroup of patients with ICAD remains at significantly high risk of stroke recurrence, and newer studies that aim at improving our understanding of ICAD and evaluating new treatment methods are currently under way.

Conclusion: ICAD remains a common cause of stroke worldwide; further studies evaluating treatment options to prevent stroke recurrence are urgently needed.