RNase H eliminates R-loops that disrupt DNA replication but is nonessential for efficient DSB repair

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genome stability depends on RNases H1 and H2, which remove ribonucleotides from DNA and eliminate RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops). In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, RNase H enzymes were reported to process RNA-DNA hybrids produced at a double-strand break (DSB) generated by I-PpoI meganuclease. However, it is unclear if RNase H is generally required for efficient DSB repair in fission yeast, or whether it has other genome protection roles. Here, we show that S. pombe rnh1∆ rnh201∆ cells, which lack the RNase H enzymes, accumulate R-loops and activate DNA damage checkpoints. Their viability requires critical DSB repair proteins and Mus81, which resolves DNA junctions formed during repair of broken replication forks. "Dirty" DSBs generated by ionizing radiation, as well as a "clean" DSB at a broken replication fork, are efficiently repaired in the absence of RNase H. RNA-DNA hybrids are not detected at a reparable DSB formed by fork collapse. We conclude that unprocessed R-loops collapse replication forks in rnh1∆ rnh201∆ cells, but RNase H is not generally required for efficient DSB repair.