Perspectives on ethnic and racial disparities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: Update and areas of immediate need

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Neurology and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
• ² Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
• ³ Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
• ⁴ Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Occupational Sciences & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, CA; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK.
• ⁶ Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Hospital San Raffaele Pisana of Rome and Cassino, Rome and Cassino, Italy.
• ⁷ Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, the University of Melbourne, Australia.
• ⁸ Syneos Health, Wilmington, NC, USA.
• ⁹ Nutrition and Brain Health Laboratory, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
• ¹⁰ Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• ¹¹ Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U1237, Université de Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.
• ¹² Department of Occupational Therapy Education, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
• ¹⁴ Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
• ¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
• ¹⁶ Undergraduate Program of History and Science, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ¹⁷ Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
• ¹⁸ Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine & Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• ¹⁹ Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Australia.
• ²⁰ Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
• ²¹ Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ²² Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
• ²³ Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of San Diego, CA, USA.
• ²⁴ Department of Neurology, Section for NeuroEpidemiology, State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
• ²⁵ Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
• ²⁶ Adult Development and Aging, University of Victoria, British Columbia, CA, USA.
• ²⁷ Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
• ²⁸ VU University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• ²⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
• ³⁰ Sunnybrook Research Institute of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ³¹ Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
• ³² Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
• ³³ Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ³⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
• ³⁵ Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• ³⁶ School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, UK; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Neuroprogressive and Dementia Network, UK.
• ³⁷ Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA.
• ³⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
• ³⁹ Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Aiginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
• ⁴⁰ Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, CA, USA.
• ⁴¹ Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• ⁴² Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁴³ Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• ⁴⁴ Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• ⁴⁵ Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
• ⁴⁶ Centers for Clinical Brain Sciences and Dementia Prevention, University in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
• ⁴⁷ Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• ⁴⁸ Department of Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
• ⁴⁹ Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• ⁵⁰ UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
• ⁵¹ Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].