Antipsychotic drugs in hospital wastewater and a preliminary risk assessment

The residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products are the cause of increasing concern around the world. The aim of this study was to carry out the quantification of six antipsychotic drugs in hospital wastewater with the aid of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and, subsequently, make a preliminary assessment of the environmental risk posed. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solid phase extraction were optimized by multivariate design and validated in compliance with international guidelines. The extraction procedures were successfully applied to the quantification of the six selected antipsychotics in samples that were formed each day and collected at two main sampling points of the sewage network over the period of a week, in December 2017. Olanzapine (0.31─0.52 µg L^-1), clozapine (0.56─0.97 µg L^-1), haloperidol (1.43─2.73 µg L^-1), risperidone (0.92─0.98 µg L^-1) and chlorpromazine (0.52 µg L^-1) were found in at least one sampling point. In the case of most analytes, the highest concentrations were determined at sampling point A, which are derived from the psychiatric wing. The environmental risk quotient for clozapine, chlorpromazine and risperidone was ˃600, a very high-risk index, which signals the need for a better control of the emission of antipsychotics and an improvement of the wastewater treatment, especially, with regard to wastewater discharged from the hospital psychiatric wing.