Phone messages affect the detection of approaching pedestrians in healthy young and older adults immersed in a virtual community environment

PLoS One. 2019 May 29;14(5):e0217062. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217062. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

Background: Mobile phones are increasingly associated with accidents while walking. Little is known, however, about the impact of phone messaging on the actual perception of other pedestrians. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the detection of approaching pedestrians is affected by the sensory modality (text or audio) of phone messages in young vs. older adults.

Methods: Eighteen healthy young (24 ± 2.9 years) and 15 older adults (68 ± 4.2 years) performed a phone message deciphering task, an obstacle detection task, and a dual-task condition combining both tasks. Participants were tested while seated and viewing a virtual subway station (VE) in a helmet mounted display. As they were passively moved within the VE one of three virtual pedestrians randomly approached them from the center (0°), right (+40°) or left (+40°). When present, phone message conditions were delivered at obstacle movement onset and presented either as (1) text messages on the screen of a virtual phone or (2) audio messages delivered through earphones. Participants were instructed to press a joystick button as soon as they detected the approaching virtual pedestrian and to report the message content at the end of the trials.

Results: Young and older participants showed delayed obstacle detection times with vs. without text messages. Older adults further showed reduced accuracy of message report for texts compared to audio messages. In both groups, audio messages yielded no difference in obstacle detection time or accuracy of message report compared to the no message condition.

Conclusions: Findings indicate that text messages prolong the detection of approaching pedestrians, suggesting that they compromise safe ambulation in community environments. Older adults, who show larger deteriorations on the obstacle detection and message deciphering tasks, may be at even greater risk of collision. Audio messages could be a safer alternative for on-the-go communication.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Cell Phone*
  • Computer Simulation
  • Environment
  • Female
  • Healthy Volunteers
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pedestrians*
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Safety*
  • Text Messaging*
  • Virtual Reality*
  • Walking
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

This project was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2016-04471 to AL). WSS is the recipient of a Science Without Borders Scholarship from CNPq and AL is supported by a Research Scientist Award from the Fonds de la recherche du Québec – Santé. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.