Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring

Affiliations

• ¹ Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
• ² Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
• ³ Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
• ⁴ Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
• ⁵ Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, University of Valencia, Moncada, Spain.
• ⁶ School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
• ⁷ Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• ⁸ King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
• ⁹ KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
• ¹⁰ University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
• ¹¹ Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
• ¹² Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
• ¹³ Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
• ¹⁴ Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
• ¹⁵ University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA.
• ¹⁶ Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
• ¹⁷ Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
• ¹⁸ Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
• ¹⁹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Antwerp, Belgium.
• ²⁰ IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• ²¹ Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
• ²² National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal.
• ²³ NIREAS-International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
• ²⁴ Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi, Czech Republic.
• ²⁵ Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
• ²⁶ Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
• ²⁷ Chair of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
• ²⁸ Forensic Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
• ²⁹ Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
• ³⁰ Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
• ³¹ Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
• ³² Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland.
• ³³ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
• ³⁴ Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
• ³⁵ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
• ³⁶ Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
• ³⁷ Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
• ³⁸ Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
• ³⁹ Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
• ⁴⁰ Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
• ⁴¹ Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
• ⁴² Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
• ⁴³ Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• ⁴⁴ Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.