Falsified and substandard cardiovascular drugs in Africa: a need for continued monitoring strategies

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
• ² Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM U970, Paris, France.
• ³ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Fann Dakar, Senegal.
• ⁴ University of Paris, Paris, France.
• ⁵ Department of Laboratories, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Sante, AP-HP, Paris, France.
• ⁶ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
• ⁷ Department of Cardiology, National University Hospital of Brazzaville, University of Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo.
• ⁸ Department of Cardiology, Cardiology Institute of Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
• ⁹ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Conakry, Guinea.
• ¹⁰ Unité de Soins, d'Enseignement et de Recherches en Cardiologie (USERC): National University Hospital of Cotonou, Benin.
• ¹¹ Cardiology clinics, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
• ¹² Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital of Lamorde, University of Niamey, Niger.
• ¹³ Department of Cardiology, National Sanou Souro de Bobo-Dioulasso Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
• ¹⁴ Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Lomé, Togo.
• ¹⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• ¹⁶ Department of Cardiology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
• ¹⁷ Maxcure Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.