Determining an optimal pool size for testing beef herds for Johne's disease in Australia

PLoS One. 2019 Nov 20;14(11):e0225524. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225524. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

Bovine Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic debilitating disease affecting cattle breeds worldwide. Pooled faecal samples are routinely tested by culture to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) infection. More recently, a direct high throughput molecular test has been introduced in Australia for the detection of Mptb in faeces to circumvent the long culture times, however, the optimal pool size for beef cattle faeces is not known. This study aimed to determine the optimal pool size to achieve the highest test sensitivity and specificity for beef cattle. Individual archived faecal samples with low, medium and high quantities of Mptb (n = 30) were pooled with faecal samples from confirmed JD negative animals to create pool sizes of 5, 10, 15 and 20, to assess the diagnostic sensitivity relative to individual faecal qPCR. Samples from JD-free cattle (n = 10) were similarly evaluated for diagnostic specificity. Overall, 160 pools were created, with Mptb DNA extracted using magnetic bead isolation method prior to Mptb-specific IS900 quantitative PCR (qPCR). The pool size of 10 yielded the highest sensitivity 73% (95% CI: 54-88%), regardless of the quantity of Mptb DNA present in the faeces. There was no significant differences between the four different pool sizes for positive pool detection, however, there was statistical significance between low, medium and high quantities of Mptb. Diagnostic specificity was determined to be 100%. The increase in pool size greater than 10 increased the chances of PCR inhibition, which was successfully relieved with the process of DNA dilution. The results of this study demonstrate that the pool size of 10 performed optimally in the direct faecal qPCR. The results from this study can be applied in future simulation modelling studies to provide suggestions on the cost-effective testing for JD in beef cattle.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Australia
  • Cattle
  • Cattle Diseases / diagnosis*
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / genetics
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / isolation & purification*
  • Paratuberculosis / diagnosis*
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary*
  • Sample Size
  • Sensitivity and Specificity

Substances

  • DNA, Bacterial

Grants and funding

This project was supported by Meat and Livestock Australia through project grant B.AHE.0322. The funding body (MLA) provided support in the form of authors' salaries and research materials but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis or preparation of the manuscript. We note that one of the authors is employed by a commercial company: Ausvet Pty Ltd. The specific roles of all authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.