A Two-decade Assessment of Changing Practice for Surgical Decompression and Fixation after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury - Impact on Healthcare Utilization and Cost

Early surgery after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has been associated with a greater neurological recovery and reduced secondary complications. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the trend of early TSCI surgery (within 24 hours) over two decades and the effect on length of hospitalization, complications, and hospital charges. We extracted emergency admissions of adults diagnosed with TSCI from the National Inpatient Sample database (1998-2016). We analyzed the trend of early surgery and concurrent trends of complication rate, length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges. These outcomes were then compared between early and late surgery cohorts. There were 3942 (53%) TSCI patients who underwent early surgery, and 3446 (47%) were operated after 24 hours. The combined patient group characteristics consisted of median age 43 years (IQR: 29-59), 73% males, 72% white, 44% private payer, 18% Medicare, 17% Medicaid, 51% cervical, 30% thoracic, 75% from large hospitals, and 79% from teaching hospitals. The trend of early surgery, adjusted for annual case-mix, increased from 45% in 1998 to 64% in 2016. Each year was associated with 1.60% more patients undergoing early surgery than the previous year (p-value <0.05). During these years, the total LOS decreased, while hospital charges increased. Patients who underwent early surgery spent four fewer days in the hospital, accrued $28,705 lower in hospital charges and had 2.8% fewer complications than those with delay surgery. We found that the rate of early surgery has significantly increased from 1998 to 2016. However, as of 2016, one-third of patients still did not undergo spinal surgery within 24 hours. Late surgery is associated with higher complications, longer stays, and higher charges. The causes of delayed surgery are undoubtedly justified in some situations but require further delineation. Surgeons should consider performing surgery within 24 hours on patients with TSCI whenever feasible.