Prevention and cure: The major unmet needs in the management of rheumatoid arthritis

The outcome of treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has qualitatively improved in recent years due to better and earlier treatment approaches, and new drugs. It is now generally accepted that the phenotype of RA is the end-point of a disease continuum. Large retrospective studies have identified anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and rheumatoid factor in the stored serum of patients, years before the development of clinical RA. Recent data suggest mucosal sites such as the oral mucosa (in particular the periodontium), lung and gut may be the sites where auto-immunity is initiated. The role of bacteria at these sites is reviewed. Much recent work has focussed on the role of high resolution imaging namely ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in identifying subclinical inflammation in at-risk individuals with early musculoskeletal symptoms (e.g. arthralgia) but without clinical synovitis. Importantly, the first musculoskeletal site involved is usually not the joint (synovium). Sub-clinical disease predicts the onset of clinical arthritis, and its timing, in symptomatic at-risk individuals. These and other predictive markers will be described. The ability to identify patients at-risk of RA before joint involvement has led to interventions aimed at preventing/delaying disease. Once arthritis occurs, rapid remission is the target of therapy. The percentage of patients with RA achieving clinical remission has improved markedly compared with a few decades ago. The optimum outcome is to induce remission sufficiently profound so that therapy can be stopped, without flare, that is drug-free remission, which is effectively cure. Limitations of the tools used to measure remission, the outcome of tapering therapy, and new approaches to achieve successful drug cessation are described. Overall, this article reviews progress towards meeting the unmet needs of prevention/cure.