Some 218 resected cases and 43 autopsied cases after resection during the last 13 years were analyzed with regard to the mode of recurrence and survival. Several factors were investigated with the following results. 1) Extensive clearance of upper mediastinal lymph nodes during radical surgery may reduce the incidence of tumor recurrence. It is preferable to remove the cervical lymph node, however, after positive metastasis to cervical lymph node. 2) Beginning in 1981, interstitial brachytherapy of 192Ir seed assemblies using afterloading techniques was administered to two patients with esophageal carcinoma infiltrating the aorta and four patients infiltrating the trachea and main bronchus which were not completely resected in either case due to invasion of adjacent organs. No significant difference in life-prolongation was observed, but it may have been effective for prevention of localized recurrence in cases with aortic infiltration and with infiltration of the trachea and bronchus. 3) From 1984, eleven patients with recurrent squamous cell esophageal carcinoma were treated with combination chemotherapy sandwiched with irradiation (CDDP/5FU-RT-CDDP/5FU). Eight patients (73%) had complete or partial response, and six patients survived over one year after combination chemotherapy sandwiched with irradiation. Combination chemotherapy sandwiched with irradiation appears to be effective in the treatment of patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Toxic effects are moderate and manageable.