Triphenylamine/carbazole-modified ruthenium(ii) Schiff base compounds: synthesis, biological activity and organelle targeting

Dalton Trans. 2020 Jul 7;49(25):8774-8784. doi: 10.1039/d0dt01547d. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Abstract

Four triphenylamine/carbazole-modified half-sandwich ruthenium(ii) compounds [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(N/O^N)Cl]0/+ with Schiff base chelating ligands (N/O^N) are synthesized and characterized. The introduction of Schiff base units effectively increases the antitumor activity of these compounds (IC50: 1.70 ± 0.56-17.75 ± 3.10 μM), which, meanwhile, can inhibit the metastasis of tumor cells effectively. These compounds follow an energy-dependent cellular uptake mechanism, mainly accumulate in lysosomes to destroy their integrity, and then eventually promote apoptosis. In addition, these compounds can induce an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and provide an antitumor mechanism of oxidation, which is confirmed by the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the catalytic oxidation of the coenzyme nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH). All these indicate that these ruthenium(ii) compounds are expected to be dual-functional antitumor agents: anti-metastasis and lysosomal damage.

MeSH terms

  • A549 Cells
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Arsenicals / chemistry
  • Arsenicals / pharmacology
  • Carbazoles / chemistry
  • Carbazoles / pharmacology
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Coordination Complexes / chemical synthesis
  • Coordination Complexes / chemistry
  • Coordination Complexes / pharmacology*
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
  • HeLa Cells
  • Humans
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Optical Imaging
  • Organelles / drug effects*
  • Organelles / metabolism
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
  • Ruthenium / chemistry
  • Ruthenium / pharmacology
  • Schiff Bases / chemistry
  • Schiff Bases / pharmacology
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Arsenicals
  • Carbazoles
  • Coordination Complexes
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Schiff Bases
  • carbazole
  • Ruthenium
  • triphenylarsine