Disrupted minor intron splicing is prevalent in Mendelian disorders

Background: Splicing is crucial for proper gene expression, and is predominately executed by the major spliceosome. Conversely, 722 introns in 699 human minor intron-containing genes (MIGs) are spliced by the minor spliceosome. Splicing of these minor introns is disrupted in diseases caused by pathogenic variants in the minor spliceosome, ultimately leading to the aberrant expression of a subset of these MIGs. However, the effect of variants in minor introns and MIGs on diseases remains unexplored.

Methods: Variants in MIGs and associated clinical manifestations were identified using ClinVar. The HPO database was then used to curate the related symptoms and affected organ systems.

Results: We found pathogenic variants in 211 MIGs, which commonly resulted in intellectual disability, seizures and microcephaly. This revealed a subset of MIGs whose aberrant splicing may contribute to the pathogenesis of minor spliceosome-related diseases. Moreover, we identified 51 pathogenic variants in minor intron splice sites that reduce the splice site strength and can induce alternative splicing.

Conclusion: These findings highlight that disrupted minor intron splicing has a broader impact on human diseases than previously appreciated. The hope is that this knowledge will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that incorporate the minor intron splicing pathway.