Background: Defective human TLR3 signaling causes recurrent and refractory herpes simplex encephalitis/encephalopathy. Children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome with refractory seizures may have defective TLR responses.
Methods: Children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome were enrolled in this study to evaluate TLR1-9 responses (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, INF-α, INF-γ, and TNF-α) in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), compared to those with febrile seizures and non-refractory epilepsy with/without underlying encephalitis/encephalopathy.
Results: Adenovirus and enterovirus were found in throat cultures of enrolled patients (2-13 years) as well as serologic IgM elevation of mycoplasma pneumonia and herpes simplex virus, although neither detectable pathogens nor anti-neural autoantibodies in the CSF could be noted. Their PBMCs and MDDCs trended to have impaired TLR responses and significantly lower in cytokine profiles of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 responses but not other TLRs despite normal TLR expressions and normal candidate genes for defective TLR3 signaling. They also had decreased naïve T and T regulatory cells, and weakened phagocytosis.
Conclusion: Children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) could have impaired TLR3, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 responses possibly relating to their weakened phagocytosis and decreased T regulatory cells.
Keywords: Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES); Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs); Refractory seizure; Status epilepticus; Toll-like receptor.
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