In vitro model of perimenopausal depression implicates steroid metabolic and proinflammatory genes

The estimated 20-30% of women who develop perimenopausal depression (PMD) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The therapeutic benefits of estradiol (E2) and symptom-provoking effects of E2-withdrawal (E2-WD) suggest that a greater sensitivity to changes in E2 at the cellular level contribute to PMD. We developed an in vitro model of PMD with lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from participants of a prior E2-WD clinical study. LCLs from women with past PMD (n = 8) or control women (n = 9) were cultured in three experimental conditions: at vehicle baseline, during E2 treatment, and following E2-WD. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in transcript expression in PMD in all experimental conditions, and significant overlap in genes that were changed in PMD regardless of experimental condition. Of these, chemokine CXCL10, previously linked to cardiovascular disease, was upregulated in women with PMD, but most so after E2-WD (p < 1.55 × 10^-5). CYP7B1, an enzyme intrinsic to DHEA metabolism, was upregulated in PMD across experimental conditions (F_(1,45) = 19.93, p < 0.0001). These transcripts were further validated via qRT-PCR. Gene networks dysregulated in PMD included inflammatory response, early/late E2-response, and cholesterol homeostasis. Our results provide evidence that differential behavioral responsivity to E2-WD in PMD reflects intrinsic differences in cellular gene expression. Genes such as CXCL10, CYP7B1, and corresponding proinflammatory and steroid biosynthetic gene networks, may represent biomarkers and molecular targets for intervention in PMD. Finally, this in vitro model allows for future investigations into the mechanisms of genes and gene networks involved in the vulnerability to, and consequences of, PMD.