Moral "foundations" as the product of motivated social cognition: Empathy and other psychological underpinnings of ideological divergence in "individualizing" and "binding" concerns

PLoS One. 2020 Nov 10;15(11):e0241144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241144. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

According to moral foundations theory, there are five distinct sources of moral intuition on which political liberals and conservatives differ. The present research program seeks to contextualize this taxonomy within the broader research literature on political ideology as motivated social cognition, including the observation that conservative judgments often serve system-justifying functions. In two studies, a combination of regression and path modeling techniques were used to explore the motivational underpinnings of ideological differences in moral intuitions. Consistent with our integrative model, the "binding" foundations (in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity) were associated with epistemic and existential needs to reduce uncertainty and threat and system justification tendencies, whereas the so-called "individualizing" foundations (fairness and avoidance of harm) were generally unrelated to epistemic and existential motives and were instead linked to empathic motivation. Taken as a whole, these results are consistent with the position taken by Hatemi, Crabtree, and Smith that moral "foundations" are themselves the product of motivated social cognition.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Empathy / physiology*
  • Female
  • Group Processes
  • Humans
  • Intuition / physiology
  • Judgment / physiology*
  • Male
  • Morals*
  • Motivation / physiology*
  • Politics
  • Social Cognition*

Grants and funding

This article is based in part on an undergraduate honors thesis submitted by the first author to the Department of Psychology of New York University (NYU) under the academic supervision of the fourth author. The research was funded by the Dean’s Undergraduate Research Fund at NYU. There was no grant number associated with the award. The funders had no role in study design, data collection or analysis,decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.