Polyploid giant cancer cells, stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity elicited by human cytomegalovirus

Oncogene. 2021 Apr;40(17):3030-3046. doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-01715-7. Epub 2021 Mar 25.

Abstract

A growing body of evidence is recognizing human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as a potential oncogenic virus. We hereby provide the first experimental in vitro evidence for HCMV as a reprogramming vector, through the induction of dedifferentiation of mature human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), generation of a polyploid giant cancer cell (PGCC) phenotype characterized by sustained growth of blastomere-like cells, in concordance with the acquisition of embryonic stem cells characteristics and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. HCMV presence parallels the succession of the observed cellular and molecular events potentially ensuing the transformation process. Correlation between PGCCs detection and HCMV presence in breast cancer tissue further validates our hypothesis in vivo. Our study indicates that some clinical HCMV strains conserve the potential to transform HMECs and fit with a "blastomere-like" model of oncogenesis, which may be relevant in the pathophysiology of breast cancer and other adenocarcinoma, especially of poor prognosis.

MeSH terms

  • Breast Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Breast Neoplasms* / virology
  • Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
  • Cytomegalovirus Infections / pathology
  • Cytomegalovirus Infections / virology
  • Cytomegalovirus* / physiology
  • Epithelial Cells / metabolism
  • Epithelial Cells / pathology
  • Epithelial Cells / virology
  • Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition*
  • Female
  • Giant Cells* / metabolism
  • Giant Cells* / pathology
  • Giant Cells* / virology
  • Humans
  • Mammary Glands, Human / pathology
  • Mammary Glands, Human / virology
  • Neoplastic Stem Cells / metabolism
  • Neoplastic Stem Cells / pathology
  • Neoplastic Stem Cells / virology
  • Polyploidy*