This review introduces the basic principles of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and details four contrast-enhanced MR angiography sequences for body imaging with extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents in pediatric patients. Specifically, this review covers (1) respiratory-navigated, cardiac-gated MR angiography; (2) time-resolved MR angiography; (3) conventional MR angiography; and (4) modified spoiled gradient echo variants. We present and discuss indications, technical considerations, sequence optimization, advantages and disadvantages, along with practical tips and illustrative case examples for each sequence.
Keywords: Angiography; Children; Gadolinium-based contrast agents; Magnetic resonance angiography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Slow infusion; Time resolved; Venography.
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.