IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection

Nat Microbiol. 2021 Jul;6(7):932-945. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00907-x. Epub 2021 May 13.

Abstract

The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) receptor senses cytoplasmic viral RNA and activates type I interferons (IFN-I) and downstream antiviral immune responses. How RIG-I binds to viral RNA and how its activation is regulated remains unclear. Here, using IFI16 knockout cells and p204-deficient mice, we demonstrate that the DNA sensor IFI16 enhances IFN-I production to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) replication. IFI16 positively upregulates RIG-I transcription through direct binding to and recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the RIG-I promoter. IFI16 also binds to influenza viral RNA via its HINa domain and to RIG-I protein with its PYRIN domain, thus promoting IAV-induced K63-linked polyubiquitination and RIG-I activation. Our work demonstrates that IFI16 is a positive regulator of RIG-I signalling during influenza virus infection, highlighting its role in the RIG-I-like-receptor-mediated innate immune response to IAV and other RNA viruses, and suggesting its possible exploitation to modulate the antiviral response.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • DEAD Box Protein 58 / genetics*
  • DEAD Box Protein 58 / metabolism
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Influenza A virus / physiology*
  • Interferon Type I / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Nuclear Proteins / chemistry
  • Nuclear Proteins / genetics
  • Nuclear Proteins / metabolism*
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / metabolism
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology*
  • Phosphoproteins / chemistry
  • Phosphoproteins / genetics
  • Phosphoproteins / metabolism*
  • Promoter Regions, Genetic
  • Protein Binding
  • RNA, Viral / metabolism*
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / chemistry
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / genetics
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism
  • Receptors, Immunologic / genetics*
  • Receptors, Immunologic / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Up-Regulation / genetics

Substances

  • Interferon Type I
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • Phosphoproteins
  • RNA, Viral
  • RNA-Binding Proteins
  • Receptors, Immunologic
  • IFI16 protein, human
  • RIGI protein, human
  • DEAD Box Protein 58