Trend and Pattern of 100 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Referred for Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Treatment in a National Referral Center in North Italy During the Last Decade

Objective: Current evidence supports centralization of patients with refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to institutions with a high level of expertise and with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities. The aim of this study was to analyze and report the data of transferred refractory ARDS patients managed with venovenous (VV) ECMO at a national referral center over the last 11 years.

Design: Observational study.

Setting: Referral center in Italy.

Participants: The study comprised 100 patients treated from May 2009-November 2020.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: The mean age was 54 ± 14 years, and 65% of patients were male. Patients were treated throughout the year, with seasonal peaks in the winter months. The majority of patients were referred from hospitals within the Lombardia region (81%), mainly from the city of Milan and surrounding area (36% of the total). The most common etiology of refractory ARDS was H1N1 influenza A (42 patients [42%]), followed by bacterial pneumonia (35 patients [35%]), and severe acute respiratory syndrome due to Sars-CoV-2 infection (five patients [5%]). All patients were severely hypoxic at the time of VV ECMO treatment. No transport-related complication was recorded. The most common configuration used in the authors' clinical practice was a bicaval dual-lumen configuration (61 patients [61%]), followed by a femoro-jugular configuration (38 patients [38%]). The intensive care unit survival rate was 55%.

Conclusions: Referral to a specialized center for VV ECMO treatment should be considered expeditiously in case of refractory ARDS, which often is lethal. Transport of patients with an unstable condition, although challenging, is feasible, and centralization of patient care is associated with good outcomes.