Path-Dependent Supercooling of the ^{3}He Superfluid A-B Transition

Phys Rev Lett. 2021 May 28;126(21):215301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.215301.

Abstract

We examine the discontinuous first-order superfluid ^{3}He A to B transition in the vicinity of the polycritical point (2.232 mK and 21.22 bar). We find path-dependent transitions: cooling at fixed pressure yields a well-defined transition line in the temperature-pressure plane, but this line can be reliably crossed by depressurizing at nearly constant temperature after transiting T_{c} at a higher pressure. This path dependence is not consistent with any of the standard B-phase nucleation mechanisms in the literature. This symmetry breaking transition is a potential simulator for first order transitions in the early Universe.