Subgroup analyses in randomized clinical trials: value and limitations. Review #3 on important aspects of randomized clinical trials in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy

Affiliations

• ¹ Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria.
• ² Department of Medicine, County Hospital Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria.
• ³ Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein.
• ⁴ Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
• ⁶ Cardiovascular Clinical Research Institute, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
• ⁷ Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
• ⁸ Department of Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
• ⁹ Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
• ¹⁰ Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Rome, Italy.
• ¹¹ 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
• ¹² Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria.
• ¹³ Department of Angiology, Cantonal Hospital of Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland.
• ¹⁴ Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
• ¹⁵ Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ¹⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, North Zealand University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark.
• ¹⁷ Preventive Cardio-Rheuma Clinic, Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
• ¹⁸ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
• ¹⁹ Cardiology Pasing, Munich, Germany.
• ²⁰ Medical Faculty, Clinical Medicine, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
• ²¹ Department of Medicine, St John of God Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria.
• ²² Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Amager-Hvidovre), Copenhagen, Denmark.
• ²³ Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
• ²⁴ Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
• ²⁵ Institute of Clinical Sciences, Søsterhjemmet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.