1 Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA.
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
3 Regional Adult Patient Care Services, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA.
4 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA.
5 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
6 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
7 Penn Implementation Science Center at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
8 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA.
9 Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA.
10 Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
11 Hospital Advanced Analytics, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA.
12 Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN.