Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review

Rachel Milomba Velu; Geoffrey Kwenda; Liyali Libonda; Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga; Bumbangi Nsoni Flavien; Obvious Nchimunya Chilyabanyama; Michelo Simunyandi; Samuel Bosomprah; Nicholus Chintu Sande; Katendi Changula; Walter Muleya; Monicah Mirai Mburu; Benjamin Mubemba; Simbarashe Chitanga; John Tembo; Matthew Bates; Nathan Kapata; Yasuko Orba; Masahiro Kajihara; Ayato Takada; Hirofumi Sawa; Roma Chilengi; Edgar Simulundu

doi:10.3390/pathogens10081007

Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review

Pathogens. 2021 Aug 10;10(8):1007. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10081007.

Authors

Rachel Milomba Velu^{1

2}, Geoffrey Kwenda^{3

4}, Liyali Libonda⁵, Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga¹, Bumbangi Nsoni Flavien⁵, Obvious Nchimunya Chilyabanyama¹, Michelo Simunyandi¹, Samuel Bosomprah^{1

6}, Nicholus Chintu Sande², Katendi Changula⁷, Walter Muleya⁸, Monicah Mirai Mburu⁹, Benjamin Mubemba¹⁰, Simbarashe Chitanga^{3

11

12}, John Tembo¹³, Matthew Bates^{13

14}, Nathan Kapata¹⁵, Yasuko Orba¹⁶, Masahiro Kajihara¹⁷, Ayato Takada^{2

4

17}, Hirofumi Sawa^{2

4

16

18}, Roma Chilengi¹, Edgar Simulundu^{2

9}

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia.
² Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia.
³ Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia.
⁴ Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia.
⁵ Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia.
⁶ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana.
⁷ Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia.
⁹ Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia.
¹⁰ Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe P.O. Box 21692, Zambia.
¹¹ School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia.
¹² School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
¹³ HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia.
¹⁴ School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
¹⁵ Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, Zambia.
¹⁶ Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
¹⁷ Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
¹⁸ Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Abstract

Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.

Keywords: Flaviviridae; Phenuiviridae; Togaviridae; Zambia; arboviruses; mosquito-borne.

Publication types

Review

Abstract

Publication types

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