Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group

Affiliations

• ¹ Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. [email protected].
• ² Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ³ Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
• ⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ⁵ Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ⁶ Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁸ Department of Research & Innovation, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁹ Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
• ¹⁰ Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Parc Taulí-I3PT, Barcelona, Spain.
• ¹¹ Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
• ¹² Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
• ¹³ Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹⁴ LiNC, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
• ¹⁵ Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
• ¹⁶ Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA.
• ¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
• ¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
• ²⁰ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• ²¹ Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
• ²² Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
• ²³ Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ²⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
• ²⁵ Psychology Department & Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA.
• ²⁶ Center Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
• ²⁷ Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.
• ²⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
• ²⁹ Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.
• ³⁰ Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
• ³¹ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
• ³² Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
• ³³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
• ³⁴ Department Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
• ³⁵ Anxiety Disorder Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
• ³⁶ Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
• ³⁷ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
• ³⁸ Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
• ³⁹ Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
• ⁴⁰ Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
• ⁴¹ Institute of Mental Health, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
• ⁴² Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
• ⁴³ Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil.
• ⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
• ⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
• ⁴⁶ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
• ⁴⁷ Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
• ⁴⁸ Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
• ⁴⁹ Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ⁵⁰ Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ⁵¹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
• ⁵² Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
• ⁵³ Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
• ⁵⁴ Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK.
• ⁵⁵ School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
• ⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
• ⁵⁷ IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
• ⁵⁸ Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
• ⁵⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.
• ⁶⁰ Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
• ⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
• ⁶² Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ⁶³ Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
• ⁶⁴ South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.