Is there an ideal position and size of chest drain following anatomical lung resection?

Background: Chest drains are placed after surgery to enable lung re-expansion. However, there remains little guidance on optimal placement. This study aims to identify the ideal size and position for chest drain insertion with regards to post-operative outcomes.

Methods: 383 patients undergoing lobectomy in 1-year had their chest drain size and x-ray position noted (1 (apical), 2 (mid-zone) or 3 (basal)). Primary outcome was residual air space on immediate post-operative x-ray. Secondary outcomes were length of drain in situ (<72 versus ≥72 h), persisting pleural effusion, surgical emphysema, post-operative pneumonia (POP), and length of hospital stay (<5 versus ≥5 days). Fisher's exact analysis for the primary outcome and binary logistic regression analysis for all outcomes were used. Results presented as odds ratios (OR±95%CI).

Results: Univariate analysis for residual air space showed increased risk in area 2 (OR = 1.61, p = 0.041) and 3 (OR = 2.59, p = 0.0043) compared with area 1. Multivariate analysis for residual air space showed increased risk in area 2 (OR = 2.39, p < 0.001) and 3 (OR = 2.86, p < 0.001) compared with area 1. Drain size had no impact on residual air space in univariate or multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed area 2 drains remained in situ for >72 h (OR = 1.49, p = 0.017), had persisting effusions (OR = 2.03, p = 0.004) and POP (OR = 2.10, p = 0.023) compared with area 1. This risk is magnified further for drains in area 3. Drains ≥28F had reduced risk of surgical emphysema (OR = 0.23, p = 0.027) in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion: A ≥28F, apical chest drain reduces the risk of post-operative complications, allowing early removal and discharge.