Heparan sulfate chains are complex and structurally diverse polysaccharides that interact with a large number of proteins, thereby regulating a vast array of biological functions. Understanding this activity requires obtaining oligosaccharides of defined structures. Here we describe methods for isolating, engineering, and characterizing heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides and approaches based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to study their structures, modifications, and interactions.
Keywords: Chemoenzymatic approaches; Glycosaminoglycans; HPLC disaccharide analysis; Heparan sulfate; NMR-based structural studies; Protein–heparan sulfate interaction.
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