Screening for depression with the PHQ-9 in young adults affected by HIV

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common among young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (YAPHIV), however it is often underdiagnosed and untreated. The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are widely used screening instruments for MDD. This study evaluates the accuracy of recommended PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 cut-scores of 10 and 3 for YAPHIV and YA who were perinatally HIV exposed but uninfected (YAPHEU).

Methods: The PHQ-9 was administered to participants (n = 203) in a longitudinal cohort study using the DISC-IV as the gold standard for diagnosing depression. PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 sensitivity and specificity were calculated. ROC curves were constructed for the overall sample and YAPHIV and YAPHEU subsamples.

Results: Almost all participants were Black and Latinx, ages 18-29. Overall, the recommended PHQ-9 cut-score of ≥10 yielded a sensitivity of 0.47 (95%CI [0.23,0.72]) and specificity of 0.86 (95%CI [0.80, 0.91]). Results indicate that PHQ-9 cut-scores of 7 and PHQ-2 cut-scores of 2 increased sensitivity to 0.76 (95%CI [0.50, 0.93]) and 0.71(95%CI [0.44,0.90]), and decreased specificity to 0.72 (95%CI [0.65, 0.79]) and 0.73 (95%CI [0.66, 0.79]) respectively. Among subsamples, existing PHQ-9 cut-scores were more accurate for MDD diagnoses in YAPHEU (N = 11) than YAPHIV(N = 6). No race/ethnicity or age differences were found.

Limitations: Participants were recruited from clinics in NYC and may not reflect all YAPHIV and YAPHEU. Without a white HIV comparison group, no conclusions could be made on the impact of race/ethnicity on optimized PHQ-9 cut-scores.

Conclusions: Using tailored cut scores for HIV-affected populations may increase identification of those experiencing or at risk for MDD. Given the need for increased depression screening in HIV care, use of optimized cut-scores could benefit at-risk populations in the US and globally.