Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials

Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022 Apr;38(4):303-309. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2021.2015761. Epub 2021 Dec 15.

Abstract

Objective: Oral hypoglycemic drugs for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are still controversial because they can pass through the placenta. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic drugs.

Methods: PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched (inception to 20 April 2021). Rev Man 5.0 was used to analyze the data. A random-effects model was used to compute the summary risk estimates.

Results: There were 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 4921 GDM patients which were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with metformin, insulin had a significant increase in the risk of preeclampsia (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.45; I2=40%; p < .05), hypertension (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.99; I2=0%; p < .05), hypoglycemia (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.27 to 12.19; I2=0%; p < .05), neonatal hypoglycemia (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.76; I2=41%; p < .0001), neonatal jaundice (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.12 to 6.52; I2=0%; p < .05), and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.95; I2=39%; p < .05), but the risk of neonatal macrosomia (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.40; I2=0%; p < .05) and neonatal injury (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.89; I2=0%; p < .01) is lower.

Conclusions: Metformin is comparable with insulin in glycemic control and neonatal outcomes and has the potential to replace insulin therapy in clinical practice. Glyburide is behind metformin and insulin, and more RCTs are needed to verify its safety.

Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus; insulin; meta-analysis; oral antidiabetic drugs.

Publication types

  • Meta-Analysis

MeSH terms

  • Diabetes, Gestational* / drug therapy
  • Female
  • Glyburide / adverse effects
  • Humans
  • Hypoglycemic Agents / adverse effects
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Insulin / adverse effects
  • Metformin* / adverse effects
  • Pregnancy
  • Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Substances

  • Hypoglycemic Agents
  • Insulin
  • Metformin
  • Glyburide