Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated autoimmune disease with female susceptibility. It is characterized by over-activation of the immune system and deposit of autoimmune complex in multiple organs. High heterogeneity, unpredictable disease course of SLE as well as the lack of specific and sensitive biomarkers posed diagnostic challenges to clinicians. Despite the complicated clinical presentation and pathogenesis of SLE, research regarding this disease has made many significant breakthroughs over the past decades. Some new learning can potentially be translated into clinical practice. In addition, new classification criteria to increase diagnostic accuracy were defined in 2019 by the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR). Real-world studies have accumulated evidence for the adoption of this new classification criteria. Abundant classification criteria, improved recognition of organ-specific manifestations, and updated knowledge about lupus autoantibodies enable earlier diagnosis and more personalized medicine. Thus, it is important to update our knowledge about the latest clinical practices for lupus diagnosis. This review provides new insight into the diagnosis of SLE by summarizing recent advances in epidemiology, etiology, classification criteria, clinical manifestations, and study of autoantibodies.
Keywords: Autoantibodies; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Etiology; SLE classification criteria.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.