1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
3 Department of Anesthesiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
4 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; RAND Health, Boston, Massachusetts.