A general explanation of the counterfactual definition of confounding

J Clin Epidemiol. 2022 Aug:148:189-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.02.002. Epub 2022 Feb 19.

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].
² Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan.
³ Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.

No abstract available

Keywords: Causal inference; Causality; Confounding; Counterfactual; Exchangeability; Target population.

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