[Regulatory role and anticarcinogenic properties of certain vitamins' active derivatives and vitamin-like substances]

Vitamins are low-molecular compounds consisting of an essential part of the human diet. After entering the human organism vitamins or their precursors can undergo chemical modification, changing their biological properties and regulatory activity. For many decades, vitamins were considered mainly as precursors of enzyme cofactors, and hypovitaminosis was interpreted as a deficiency of a particular metabolite resulting from enzyme's insufficient activity. However, with the development of molecular biology techniques and breakthrough in understanding of gene expression regulation and cell signaling mechanisms, as well as in molecular mechanisms of diseases associated with impaired functions, it became clear that there are significantly more active forms of vitamins, and their functions in the human body are more diverse than it had been suggested previously. The purpose of this review was to consider vitamins' and vitamins' derivatives regulatory and anti-tumor role and their potential for clinical application as main or adjuvant drugs for malignant neoplasms treatment. Material and methods. The present review is based on the results of literature analysis conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct databases for the keywords «vitamin A AND cancer», «retinoids AND cancer», «vitamin D AND cancer», «vitamins AND cancer», «vitamins AND cancer». The search depth was 6 years (2016-2021). Results. Active forms of hydrophilic and lipophilic vitamins are key participants in the processes of chromatin remodeling, genome stability maintaining, covalent modification of proteins, including signaling and regulatory ones, and also act as chemical messengers themselves. Therefore, vitamin deficiency is associated with autoimmune and chronic diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, etc. This review considers the regulatory role of active forms of vitamins, their derivatives and vitamin-like substances as well as their involvement in the process of carcinogenesis. Conclusions. Modern studies confirm the high therapeutic potential of vitamins: the use of pharmacological doses of vitamins or their derivatives may help to prevent or fight non-communicable diseases, including cancer.